

I believe it’s that older HVAC controls don’t have a true ground/neutral, so they can’t actually consume power. Thermostat is (used to be) basically just a remote switch, just connecting the signal wire to its various functions, so there’s no need for it to have any kind of power. More recent systems have a ground (C wire), so you can draw power between the 24V R wire and the C common/ground. Some systems even put mains voltage on R.










All the thermostats I’ve looked at - definitely all the “smart” ones, accommodate all manner of existing wiring. If you just have a ‘normal’ HVAC with a single aircon, single furnace, and fan, or one with heat pump, backup furnace & fan, then any thermostat out there will work. If it has internal logic, it’s going to have a place for batteries, but it will also (probably) have the capability to run off furnace power, if you have the right wires. Smart thermostats will report their battery state to homeassistant, or you can just change the battery when you switch it over to heating for winter.
Swapping a thermostat is pretty easy - it’s literally ‘connect red wire to terminal labeled red.’ It’s complicated if you care what the red, yellow, blue &c wires actually do, but the install itself is just color matching.
If you have an extremely high efficiency HVAC, or one with multiple heat sources & multiple compressors, then there may be more than the usual 6-ish wires, but even there, it will be an exercise of taking wire from its current, clearly labeled terminal and plugging it into the same labeled terminal on the new thermostat.
If you can stick with the same vendor for a thermostat upgrade, it may make the job very easy. I replaced a Honeywell programmable thermostat with one of their smart thermostats, and I didn’t even have to change wires. Both thermostats plugged into the same backing/terminal block. I literally pulled the old one off and pushed the new one on in 10 seconds. No tools.